Geographic Information System is a system of hardware, software, and procedures designed to obtain, process, manipulate, analyze, demonstrate, and display spatial data to solve complex planning, processing, and researching issues. In other words, GIS is a computer-based information system that combines elements of maps (geographic) and information about the map (data attributes). Thus, GIS is a computer system which has the following four capabilities in handling the data referenced geography:
(A) input, (b) data management (storage and retrieval), (c) the analysis and manipulation of data, (d) output.
Geographic Information System Components
Components of GIS support consists of five integrated components that work in the hardware (hardware), software (software), data, people, and methods that can be described as follows:
Hardware (hardware)
SIG Hardware is the physical devices that are part of the computer system that supports the analysis and mapping goegrafi. GIS hardware has the ability to present images with high resolution and speed, and supports database operasioperasi with large volumes of data quickly. GIS hardware consists of several parts to enter the data, process the data, and print the results of the process. Here's division by the process:
Input data: mouse, digitizer, scanner
Imaging data: hard drive, processor, RAM, VGA Card
Output data: plotter, printer, screening.
Software (software)
The software used to carry out the process of storing, analyzing, visualizing data both spatial and non-spatial. The software must be in the GIS software components are:
Tool to insert and manipulate GIS data
Data Base Management System (DBMS)
Tool to analyze data
Tools for data display and analysis
Data
In principle there are two types of data to support the GIS are:
Spatial Data
Spatial data is a real picture of a region that is on the earth's surface. Generally represented in the form of graphs, maps, pictures with a digital format and stored in the form of the coordinates x, y (vector) or in the form of images (raster) that have a certain value.
Non-Spatial Data (Attributes)
Non-spatial data is in the form of data tables where the table contains information possessed by objects in the spatial data. The data form an integrated tabular data with spatial data available.
Human
Humans are the core elements of the SIG because humans are planners and users of GIS. Users SIG has a degree as in other information systems, from the level of technical specialists who design and manage the system to the users who use GIS to assist day-to-day work.
Method
The method used in GIS will be different for each problem. SIG is good depending on the design aspects and aspects of Real side.
Scope of Geographic Information Systems
Basically there are six processes in GIS are:
1. Input Data
Process input data is used to input data spatial and non-spatial Data. Spatial data is usually in the form of analog maps. For GIS to use digital map so that the map must be converted to analog in the form of a digital map using a digitizer device. In addition to digitizing process can also be done by the overlay on the map analog scanning process.
2. Data Manipulation
Type of data required by a part SIG may need to be manipulated to fit the system used. It is therefore able to perform editing functions of GIS for spatial data and non-spatial.
3. Data Management
Once spatial data is inserted the next process is non-spatial data processing. Pengolaha the data include the use of non-spatial DBMS to store data that has a large size.
4. Query and Analysis
Query is the tabular analysis is done. Fundamentally GIS can perform two types of analysis, namely:
a. Proximity Analysis
Proximity analysis is based on the analysis of the geographical distance between the layers. GIS uses buffering process (building a supporting layer around within a certain layer) to determine the nature of the close relationship between the existing sections.
b. Overlay Analysis
Overlay is the process of pooling data from different layers layers. In simple overlay called visual operations that require more than one layer to be combined physically.
5. Visualization
For some types of geographic operations, the best outcome is realized in a map or graph. Map is very effective for storing and delivering geographic information.
source: http://id.wikipedia.org
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